Tetrahydrofuran (THF): Lafdhabarta Kala Duwan ee Habraacyada Kiimikada ee Sax ah
Falanqaynta Qoto-dheer ee Sifooyinka Fiisikiska Kiimikada
Qaab-dhismeedka Molecular-ka Gaarka ah
Qaab-dhismeedka THF wuxuu ka kooban yahay giraan wareeg ah oo ether ah oo leh atom oksijiin ah, isagoo abuuraya sifooyinka muhiimka ah ee soo socda:
Xallinta Polar-ka: Daqiiqad dipole ah oo ah 2.75 D waxay suurtogal ka dhigaysaa isku xidhka haydarojiin iyo molecules-ka polar-ka iyadoo la xallinayo isku-dhafka aan polar-ka ahayn iyada oo loo marayo isdhexgalka dipole-ka ee la kiciyay, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon nidaamyada falcelinta kala duwan.
Falcelinta Giraanta: Giraanta ether-ku waxay martaa furitaanka giraanta ee aashitada lagu kiciyay, taasoo sahlaysa falcelinta sida alkylation iyo polymerization. Falcelintani waa mid muhiim u ah isku-darka polymers-ka sida polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG).
Astaamaha Jirka
Xasiloonida Kulaylka: Karkaridu waa 66°C oo barafaysan -108.5°C, THF waxay weli tahay dareere heerkul ballaaran, oo ku habboon falcelinta heerkulka hooseeya iyo hababka uumiga degdegga ah.
Sifooyinka Gaadiidka: Dheecaan hooseeya (0.55 mPa·s) iyo xiisad sare oo dusha sare ah (26.4 mN/m) waxay kor u qaadaan awooddooda qoynta, taasoo muhiim u ah nadiifinta iyo codsiyada dahaarka.
Fiiro Gaar ah oo ku saabsan Badbaadada: Aad u guban kara (barta iftiinka -17.2°C) oo sameysa isku-darka walxaha qarxa oo leh hawo (1.8–12.4% vol), taasoo u baahan tallaabooyin adag oo looga hortagayo dabka.
Codsiyada Muhiimka ah ee Warshadaha oo dhan
Soo saarista Polymer iyo Resin
Isku-darka Polyurethane (PU):
Soosaarka PTMEG: THF waa walaxda ugu weyn ee ceeriin ee lagu sameeyo polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG), oo ah qayb muhiim ah oo jilicsan oo ku jirta fiilooyinka spandex iyo polyurethanes-ka thermoplastic (TPUs). In ka badan 90% THF-ka adduunka ayaa loo isticmaalaa qaybtan, iyadoo tan kasta oo spandex ah uu u baahan yahay ~0.8 tan oo THF ah.
Koolada PU: Iyada oo lagu daray DMF, THF waxay abuurtaa koollo si dhakhso ah u qalajiya oo adag oo loogu talagalay kabaha iyo gudaha baabuurta, iyadoo bixisa 35% walxo adag iyo 40% qalajin ka dhaqso badan nidaamyada DMF ee saafiga ah.
Resins-ka Epoxy iyo Synthetic-ga:
Iyada oo ah dareere isku-dhafan oo ku jira qaacidooyinka epoxy, THF waxay hagaajisaa is-beddelka waxayna yareysaa daxalka, taasoo suurtogalineysa codsiyada dahaarka saxda ah ee elektaroonigga iyo hawada sare.
Kiimikada Dabiiciga ah iyo Takhasuska
Falcelinta Grignard:
THF waxay dejisaa dhexdhexaadiyeyaasha organometallic (tusaale ahaan, RMgX) iyada oo loo marayo isku-dubaridka ions magnesium, taasoo kor u qaadaysa wax-soo-saarka falcelinta 15-20% marka la barbar dhigo diethyl ether. Tusaale: Sameynta ibuprofen, tallaabooyinka Grignard ee ku salaysan THF waxay gaaraan ≥99.5% daahirnimo iyadoo leh ≤0.3% wax-soo-saar.
Elektroolaydyada Batariga Lithium:
THF waxay kor u qaaddaa socodka elektrolytyada ku salaysan lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆) (≥10 mS/cm), iyadoo wanaajinaysa cimriga wareegga ilaa in ka badan 1,000 jeer (haynta awoodda ≥85%) baytariyada birta lithium.
Goobaha Tiknoolajiyadda Sare iyo Takhasuska
Nadiifinta Semiconductor-ka: THF waxay ka saartaa haraaga photoresist-ka ee wax soo saarka microelectronics-ka, iyadoo la gaaro wasakhowga birta ee ion-ka ≤10 ppb ee hababka ka hooseeya 14 nm.
Kireynta Daawada: Waxaa loo isticmaalaa antibiyootiga dib loo warshadeeyo iyo steroids, nidaamyada biyaha THF waxay soo saaraan kiristaalo isku mid ah (50–200 μm) oo leh ≥99.9% saafi ah.
Soo saarista Badeecada Dabiiciga ah: Si xulasho leh ayuu u milmaa isku-dhafka lipophilic (tusaale ahaan, CBD, paclitaxel) iyadoo 25% nadiif ah ka badan dareerayaasha aan cidhifka lahayn, iyadoo la yareynayo burburka kulaylka iyada oo loo marayo habaynta heerkulka hooseeya.
Tilmaamaha
| Magaca Badeecada | Asiidh Propionic ah | |||||||||
| Qaaciddada Kiimikada | C3H6O2 | |||||||||
| Miisaanka Molekulerka | 74.08 g/mol | |||||||||
| Muuqaalka | Dareere aan midab lahayn oo hufan | |||||||||
| Barta Dhalmada | -20.8℃ | |||||||||
| Barta Karkarinta | 141.1℃ | |||||||||
| Cufnaanta | 0.993 g/cm³ | |||||||||
| Lambarka CAS | 79 - 09 - 4 | |||||||||
| Koodhka HS | 29155000 | |||||||||
| Lambarka EINECS | 201 - 176 - 3 | |||||||||
| Codsiga | Waxaa lagu dabaqay balaastikada, farmashiyaha, cuntada, dareereyaasha iyo cadarka | |||||||||
Xaashida Xakamaynta Tayada
| Magaca Badeecada | Asiidh Propionic ah | ||||||
| SHAYGA | QIIMAHA CAADIGA AH (%) | QIIMAHA TIJAABADA (%) | |||||
| Waxyaabaha ku jira Propionic Acid, w/%≥ | 99.5 | 99.9 | |||||
| Cufnaanta (20/20℃) | 0.993-0.997 | 0.996 | |||||
| Karkarinta Kala Duwan / ℃ | 138.5-142.5 | 139.4-141.1 | |||||
| Hadhaaga uumiga, w/%≤ | 0.01 | 0.006 | |||||
| Biyo, w/%≤ | 0.15 | 0.02 | |||||
| Aldehyde, w/%≤ | ≤0.05 | 0.04 | |||||
| oksaydheyn fudud, w/%≤ | ≤0.05 | 0.01 | |||||
| Pb mg/kg≤ | 2.0 | ≤2.0 | |||||
| Sida mg/kg≤ | 3.0 | ≤3.0 | |||||
| Gunaanad | U hoggaansan heerarka GB 1886.210-2016 | ||||||
Tixgelinta Badbaadada iyo La-qabsiga Warshadaha
Khataraha Caafimaadka iyo Deegaanka
Sumowga: Neefsashada xaddi badan (>500 ppm) waxay sababi kartaa niyad-jabka CNS; soo-gaadhista muddada dheer waxay saameyn kartaa shaqada beerka/kelyaha. Waxay u baahan tahay ilaalin neefsasho (APF≥10) iyo galoofisyo u adkaysta kiimikada.
Saamaynta Deegaanka: Waa mid baaba'aya oo ku burburi kara ciidda (nus-nololeed ≤5 maalmood) laakiin sun ku ah noolaha biyaha (LC50 kalluun = 110 mg/L). Biyaha wasakhaysan waa inay maraan daaweyn heer sare ah (COD≤50 mg/L) ka hor inta aan la saarin.
Jawaabaha Sharciyeed iyo Farsamo
Darajooyinka Nadiifka ah:
Warshadaha (≥99%): Si loo sameeyo isku-darka guud, taasoo u oggolaanaysa ≤0.5% biyo/aldehydes.
Elektaroonig (≥99.9%): Aayooyinka birta ah ≤1 ppb, oo u hoggaansan SEMI C8 isticmaalka semiconductor-ka.
Daawada (≥99.5%): FDA-ansixisay, aldehydes ≤10 ppm oo loogu talagalay soo saarista daawada.
U hoggaansanaanta Caalamiga ah:
EU REACH: Waxaa lagu xaddiday agabka cuntada lagu taabto (haajirinta ≤0.05 mg/kg).
OSHA-da Mareykanka: PEL-TWA 200 ppm (590 mg/m³), oo u baahan la socodka hawada goobta shaqada.
Maxaad u Dooranaysaa THF-keena?
Daahirnimo Aan La Dhaaran Karin: Hawsha saddex-geesoodka ah ee horumarsan waxay soo saartaa THF-ga heerka elektaroonigga ah oo ah 99.99% daahirnimo, oo leh qoyaan ≤10 ppm iyo aldehydes ≤1 ppm, taasoo hubinaysa isku dheelitirka dufcadda-ilaa-dufcad (kala duwanaansho ≤±0.02%).
Xalalka Gaarka ah: Qaababka loo habeeyey ee ku jira biyaha (50–1000 ppm), heerarka peroxide (≤10 ppm), iyo pH (5.0–7.0), sida THF-ka peroxide-ga hooseeya ee loogu talagalay isku-darka dawooyinka xasaasiga ah.
Saadka Amniga ku Shaqeeya: Nidaamyada kaydinta ee ku jira Nitrogen-ka iyo gaadiidka aan qarxin waxay hubiyaan in si ammaan ah loo maareeyo laga bilaabo wax soo saarka ilaa keenista.
Xawaaraha Sharciyeynta: U hoggaansanaanta caalamiga ah ee heerarka SEMI, ACS, iyo FDA, oo ay taageerayaan MSDS la habeyn karo si loogu galo suuqa si aan kala go 'lahayn.
Iskaashiga Sare ee Kiimikada
Isku dheelitirka gaarka ah ee THF ee xallinta khilaafaadka, falcelinta, iyo la qabsiga habka ayaa ka dhigaya saldhig u ah kiimikada casriga ah. Ballanqaadkayaga ku aaddan alaabada saafiga ah ee sare, hal-abuurka farsamada, iyo u hoggaansanaanta sharcigu wuxuu awood siinayaa macaamiisha balaastikada, elektaroonigga, iyo daawooyinka inay si mas'uuliyad leh u horseedaan horumarro. Dooro THF-keena si aad u furto saxnaanta, waxqabadka, iyo waaritaanka codsi kasta.